группу молодых поэтов и стал их при

группу молодых поэтов и стал их признанным вождем. Масаока Сики вдохнул новую жизнь в традиционные жанры японской поэзии, которые к концу XIX века пришли в упадок: хокку (лирическое трехстишие) и танка (пятистишие).

В университете Нацумэ основательно изучил английский язык и западную литературу. Он писал статьи об Уолте Уитмене и английской поэзии, переводил на английский язык памятники старой японской литературы, редактировал литературно-философский журнал. Нацумэ Сосэки интересовало прежде всего идейное содержание литературы. Об Уолте Уитмене он пишет как о певце равноправия и свободы.

Токийский университет наложил сильный отпечаток на личность и мировоззрение Нацумэ Сосэки. Влияние это не во всем было положительным. Не следует забывать, что именно «Акамон» («Красные ворота», как иначе называют Токийский университет) не без основания считался цитаделью идеализма. Из его стен вышли многие адепты чистого искусства. Университет Васэда, второй по значению в Японии, придерживался более демократического и передового направления.

Закончив свое образование в 1893 году, Сосэки начал преподавать английский язык сначала в Токио, потом в провинции. В маленьком городке Мацуяма на о. Сикоку, который был родиной Масаока Сики, он снова встретился со своим старым товарищем. Друзья возобновили занятия поэзией. Сосэки увлекся сочинением стихов в форме хокку и создал такие, например, очаровательные миниатюры:

Спросите у ветра,
Кто первым из вас упадет,
О листья на ветке!

*

Чистый горный ключ!
Как живые, движутся
Камешки на дне...

В своей поэзии Сосэки обнаружил зоркий глаз художника. Он свободно обращался с традиционным поэтическим материалом, вводя в стих прозаизмы и книжные китайские слова. Стиль его первой повести «Ваш покорный слуга кот» был выплавлен в тигле поэзии хокку. Отметим, что для нее характерны лаконизм и сдержанность. Чувство в хокку не изливается бурным потоком, а глубоко скрыто в подтексте. Образы конкретны и точны. Романист Сосэки унаследовал многие лучшие свойства Сосэки-поэта.

Пребывание в Мацуяма оказалось плодотворным для творчества Сосэки, но в остальном принесло ему мало радости. Преподавать в косной провинциальной школе, насквозь пропитанной рутиной, было очень тяжело. Независимый, неуступчивый молодой человек был у начальства как бельмо на глазу. Его бессовестно, безжалостно травили. Сосэки рассказал о своих мытарствах педагога на страницах повестей «Мальчуган» и «Ваш покорный слуга кот».

В 1900 году Сосэки был командирован министерством народного просвещения в Лондон, где провел три года. За это время он собрал много материала для своей будущей капитальной работы «О литературе» («Бунгакурон»), изучал Шекспира под руководством известного шекспироведа Крейга, но, по его собственным словам, чувствовал себя «среди английских джентльменов, как лохматая собака в стае волков».

Из Лондона Сосэки посылал письма своему другу Масаока Сики, в которых описывал свои впечатления. Масаока публиковал их на страницах издававшегося им журнала «Хототогису» («Кукушка»). Реформатор поэзии, он был новатором и в области прозы.

В самые первые годы нового века в японской литературе назревало событие огромной важности: рождение школы критического реализма. Романтизм, под знаменем которого японская литература развивалась долгие годы, уже не отвечал новым запросам общества. Правда, свои позиции он сдал не сразу. Ведущими писателями еще считались писатели-романтики во главе с Одзаки Кое (1867–1903). Но в японском обществе уже сложились исторические условия для победы критического реализма. Японская буржуазная интеллигенция стремилась осознать возникшие перед ней острые социальные проблемы, еще не страшась взглянуть правде в глаза. Японская литература достигла такого уровня зрелости, что могла изображать жизнь в реалистических образах, глубоко проникая в ее сущность. Процесс рождения реализма облегчался еще и тем, что в других странах: в России, Англии, Франции, уже существовали высокохудожественные реалистические произведения.

Японская литература убыстренными, иногда судорожными темпами проходила через те же этапы развития, что и литературы наиболее развитых капиталистических стран мира, в которых в конце прошлого века школа критического реализма уже достигла своего зенита и пришла в столкновение с натурализмом и модернизмом. В то время, когда в Европе назревал кризис буржуазной мысли, японской литературе приходилось скачками догонять европейскую. Вот почему молодой японский реализм оказался замутненным модным в Европе натурализмом и даже выступил под его вывеской. Реализм стал властным требованием эпохи, и японские писатели шли к нему своими, особыми путями.

Чуткий художник, Масаока Сики по-своему откликнулся на новые веяния. Он провозгласил принцип «правдивого изображения» и начал писать художественные очерки, «верные натуре» (сясэйбун), на путях к большому роману, который ему так и не удалось создать. Реализм Масаока Сики был еще очень ограниченным, он был пропитан элементами идеализма. Сики призывал правдиво изображать реальность, но согласно его учению надо было изображать главным образом прекрасное, искать в каждом явлении скрытую красоту. Нацумэ Сосэки во многом унаследовал эстетические взгляды своего друга, развив и углубив их в своих литературоведческих работах.

Сам Нацумэ Сосэки не причислял себя к писателям-реалистам (школы «сидзэнсюги»), ему претил плоский бытовизм, которым грешили некоторые из них, но в лучших своих произведениях он великий реалист. Художник, влю

Results (English) 1:

a group of young poets and has become the recognized leader. Masaoka Shiki has breathed new life into the traditional genres of Japanese poetry, which by the end of the 19th century fell into decay: Haiku (lyric poem) and tank (pâtistišie).The University has studied thoroughly English Natsume and Western literature. He wrote articles on Walt Whitman and English poetry, translated into English by monuments of old Japanese literature, edited literary and philosophical magazine. Natsume Soseki was interested above all ideological content of literature. About Walt Whitman he writes about him as about equality and freedom.The University of Tokyo has a strong mark on the personality and ideology of Natsume Soseki. The impact is not at all positive. It should not be forgotten that it is the "Akamon (the Red Gate", otherwise referred to as the University of Tokyo) not without reason was the Citadel of idealism. From its walls were many adherents of pure art. Waseda University, the second largest in Japan, was more democratic and progressive direction.Having finished his education in the year 1893, Sōseki began teaching English in Tokyo, then in the province. In the small town of Matsuyama on Shikoku, which was the birthplace of Masaoka Shiki, he again met with his old friend. Friends have resumed classes in poetry. Soseki was composing poems in the form of haiku and created such charming miniatures:Ask the wind,First of you will fall,The leaves on a branch!*Pure mountain key!As a living, movingPebbles on the bottom ...In his poetry Soseki found the sharp eye of the artist. He freely spoke with traditional poetic material, entering in verse prozaizmy and Chinese words. The style of his first story "your humble servant was produced in" ivory Crucible poetry haikus. It should be noted that it is characterized by clarity and restraint. Feeling in haiku has not been flowing turbulent flow, and deeply hidden in the religious implications. The images are clear and accurate. Novelist Soseki has inherited many of the best properties of Soseki-poet.Stay in Matsuyama has been fruitful for Soseki, but otherwise brought him little joy. Teach in stagnant provincial school, thoroughly soaked routine, it was very hard. The independent, stubborn young man was the bosses as an eyesore. It shamelessly, mercilessly baited. Soseki described ordeals of a teacher in the pages of novels "the Boy" and "the cat" by yours truly.In 1900, Soseki was on secondment from the Ministry of national education in London, where he remained for three years. During this time he collected much material for its future capital works "on literature" ("Bungakuron»), studied Shakespeare under the guidance of renowned šekspiroveda Craig, but, in his own words, was feeling" among English gentlemen as the shaggy dog in the Pack of wolves.Soseki from London sent a letter to his friend Masaoka Shiki, which described his impressions. Masaoka has published them on the pages of his journal published "Hototogisu" ("the cuckoo"). A reformer, he was a pioneer of poetry and prose.In the first years of the new century in Japanese literature was growing an event of great importance: the birth of the school of critical realism. Romanticism, under the banner of the Japanese literature developed over the years, had failed to meet the new demands of society. However, he passed his position immediately. Leading writers still were writers of romance, led by Ozaki Cfu (1867-1903). But in Japanese society have formed a historic victory for critical realism. Japanese bourgeois intelligentsia sought to realize before the acute social problems, yet dreading to look truth in the eye. Japanese literature has reached a level of maturity that could depict life in realistic ways, deeply penetrating in its essence. The birth of realism was facilitated by the fact that in other countries: in Russia, England, France, already are highly realistic works.Japanese literature ubystrennymi, sometimes frenzied pace passed through the same stages of development, and literature the most developed capitalist countries in the world where at the end of the last century critical realist school reached its zenith and was in collision with the naturalism and modernism. At a time when Europe was brewing crisis of bourgeois thought, Japanese literature had to catch up with European races. That's why young Japanese realism was zamutnennym fashionable in Europe, naturalism and even made under his name. Realism became the power requirement of the era and Japanese writers have gone to him its own, special way.A sensitive artist, Masaoka Shiki in his own way to respond to new developments. He proclaimed the principle of the "true image" and began to write essays, the "right kind" (sâsèjbun), on the way to the great novel that failed to create. The realism of Masaoka Shiki was still very limited, it was imbued with elements of idealism. Shiki called truthfully depict reality, but according to his teachings had to depict mainly fine, look for in every phenomenon of hidden beauty. Natsume Soseki in many respects inherited the aesthetic views of his friend, developing and deepening them in their literary works.Natsume Soseki himself not counted themselves as writers, realists (school "sidzènsûgi"), the bytovizm, the flat pretil transgressed some of them, but at best his writings he is a great realist. Artist, falls

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a group of young poets and became their acknowledged leader. Masaoka Shiki breathed new life into the traditional genres of Japanese poetry, which by the end of the XIX century fell into disrepair: Hockey (lyrical tercet) and the tank (pyatistishiya). At the University of Natsume thoroughly studied English and Western literature. He wrote articles about Walt Whitman, and English poetry, translated into English by the monuments of the old Japanese literature, edited the literary and philosophical journal. Natsume Soseki primarily interested in the ideological content of literature. About Walt Whitman, he writes as a singer of equality and freedom. The University of Tokyo has imposed a strong imprint on the personality and outlook of Natsume Soseki. Influence is not all positive. Do not forget that it was "Akamon" ("Red Gate", otherwise known as the University of Tokyo), not without reason, considered a stronghold of idealism. From its walls left many followers of pure art. Waseda University, the second largest in Japan to adopt a more democratic and progressive direction. After finishing his studies in 1893, Soseki began teaching English at first to Tokyo, then in the province. In the small town of Matsuyama on the island. Shikoku, which was the birthplace of Masaoka Shiki, he met again with his old friend. Friends resumed writing poetry. Soseki became interested in writing poems in the form of haiku and created such as for example the charming miniatures: Ask the wind, Who was the first one of you will fall about leaves on a branch! * clean mountain key! As living, moving stones on the bottom ... In his poetry Soseki found keen eye of the artist. He spoke freely with the traditional poetic material entering into verse and book prosaisms Chinese words. The style of his first novel "I Am a Cat" was melted in a crucible haiku poetry. Note that it is characterized by brevity and restraint. Feeling hockey is not poured out a torrent, and deeply hidden in the subtext. The images are concrete and precise. Novelist Soseki inherited many of the best features of Soseki poet. Stay in Matsuyama proved fruitful creative Soseki, but otherwise brought him little joy. Teach in stagnant provincial school, soaked through and through routine, it was very hard. Independent, unyielding young man was his superiors as an eyesore. He shamelessly mercilessly hounded. Soseki spoke about his ordeal teacher in the pages of stories, "The boy" and "I Am a Cat". In 1900, Soseki was sent by the Ministry of Public Education in London, where he spent three years. During this time he collected a lot of material for his future capital operation "On Literature" ("Bungakuron"), he studied under the famous Shakespeare Shakespeare Craig, but, in his own words, felt "among English gentlemen as shaggy dog in a pack of wolves . " From London Soseki sent a letter to his friend Masaoka Shiki, which described his impressions. Masaoka publish them on the pages of the magazine published by them "Hototogisu" ("Cuckoo"). Reformer poetry, he was an innovator in the field of prose. In the very first years of the new century Japanese literature was imminent event of great importance: the birth of the school of critical realism. Romanticism, which under the banner of Japanese literature developed for many years, no longer meet the new demands of society. However, his position he surrendered immediately. Still considered the leading writers of romance writers, headed by Ozaki Something (1867-1903). But Japanese society has developed historical conditions for the victory of critical realism. The Japanese tried to realize bourgeois intelligentsia appeared in front of her acute social problems, yet unafraid to face the truth. Japanese literature has reached a level of maturity that could depict life in realistic images, deeply penetrating into its essence. The process of the birth of realism was facilitated by the fact that in other countries: Russia, Britain, France, there were already highly realistic works. Japanese Literature quickening, sometimes convulsive pace went through the same stages of development as the literature of the most developed capitalist countries, which at the end of the last century, a school of critical realism has reached its zenith, and came into conflict with the naturalism and modernism. At a time when Europe's brewing crisis of bourgeois thought, the Japanese literature had to catch up with the European races. That is why the young Japanese realism appeared hazy fashionable naturalism in Europe and even made ​​him a sign. Realism became imperious demands of the age, and the Japanese writers came to him his, special ways. A sensitive artist, Masaoka Shiki in his own way to respond to the new trends. He proclaimed the principle of "truthful picture" and began to write art essays, "right kind" (syaseybun), on the way to a big novel, which he did not manage to create. Masaoka Shiki Realism was still very limited, it was imbued with elements of idealism. Shiki called truthfully depict reality, but according to his teachings had to portray mostly wonderful, sought in every phenomenon of hidden beauty. Natsume Soseki largely inherited the aesthetic views of his friend, developed and deepened them in their literary works. Natsume Soseki himself not considered himself a realist writers (schools' sidzensyugi "), was repelled by flat bytovizma who sinned some of them, but in the best his works, he is a great realist. The artist, vlyu

Results (English) 3:

A group of young poets and has become the recognized leader. Toei Seaky Ji breathed new life into traditional genres Japanese poetry, which by the end of the nineteenth century had led to the collapse: Dear players, (Burmakin until xix century was known as hokku) and tank (пятистишие) .

The university to Matsuyama after graduating from university and thoroughly studied English language and western literature. He wrote articles on the Уолте Уитмене and English poetry, translating to english monuments old Japanese literature,Edited literary-philosophical magazine. To Matsuyama after graduating from university teach English at a junior high school there asked how it was before the minutest details the content of the literature. On the Уолте Уитмене he writes as well as gender equality is realized on webxmlsuite web engine and freedom.

University of Tokyo imposed a strong imprint on the identity and ideology to Matsuyama after graduating from university teach English at a junior high school there. Influence is not in all it was a positive. It should not be forgotten that it is the "Акамон" ( "The Red gate",Both are also referred to as Tokyo University) are not without reason was considered a stronghold idealism. From its walls have many other topics covered include pure art. Waseda University, the second value in Japan,Followed by a more democratic and best direction.lord when you have finished their education in 1893, teach English at a junior high school there began to teach English language first in Tokyo, and then in the province. In the small town of Matsuyama Castle on the priest.Shikoku, which was homeland Toei Seaky Ji, he was again met with his old comrade. The Friends have resumed classes poem. Teach English at a junior high school there honing jiang poems in the form of a dear players, and created such as, for example,The beautiful thumbnails:lord ask the wind,
who are the first one of you drops,
ON THE leaves at the ветке!

* lord Pure mountain key!
such as live, move
pebbles on the bottom of the Lord ... in its poetry and teach English at a junior high school there has detected an apprentice (artist.He freely approached with the traditional "Nastenka material, entering in verse прозаизмы and book Chinese words. The Style its first lead "Your faces cote" vast investments were made in reconstruction in numerical simulation dear players, poetry. It should be noted,That it is characterized by constructivism and restraint. Dear players, not in the sense of revelations turbulent flow, and deeply hidden in intellectuals. Images are specific and accurate. Memoir teach English at a junior high school there inherits many properties the best teach English at a junior high school there-poet.

Stay in Matsuyama City proved to be fruitful for creativity teach English at a junior high school there, but the rest had brought him little joy. Teach in fossilized provincial school, blatantly soaked in business as usual, it was very difficult. An independent,unmalleable young person was the superiors as beginner mistake on the eye. It shamelessly, mercilessly fives. Teach English at a junior high school there spoke of his мытарствах teacher on pages publishers "raspberries as you like" and "Your faces cote" .

In 1900, teach English at a junior high school there was seconded by the Ministry of public education in London, where he remained for three years. During this time he has collected much material for its future capital work "on the literature" ( "Бунгакурон" ),He studied Shakespeare under the шекспироведа Craig, but, in his own words, he was the "English gentlemen, as лохматая dog in rule wolves" .

From London teach English at a junior high school there sent letters from his friend Toei Seaky Ji, which described their experience. Toei has published them on the pages an inseparable part of the journal "Хототогису" ( "Official" ). Minstrels poetry,He was an innovator in the field of prose.Lord in the very first years of the new century in the Japanese literature назревало an event of great importance: the birth of the school critical realism. Fancy,Under the banner of Japanese literature has evolved over the years, was the new requests. It is true that their position is not as soon as he had passed.Leading writers are still considered writers of romance in chapter with some Banister (1867- 1903). But in the Japanese society is already historical conditions for victory critical realism.The Japanese bourgeois intellectuals sought to understand arising before the acute social problems, yet not fearful to look truth in the eye. Japanese literature has achieved such a level of maturity,That could depict life in realistic images, deeply penetrating in its essence. The process of birth realism powerfully argued, the fact that in other countries: in Russia, England, France,There were technological advantages realistic works.lord Japanese literature убыстренными, sometimes convulsive pace took place through the same stages of development,That literature and the most developed capitalist countries in the world, in which in the end of the last century school critical realism has already reached its zenith and was in collision with натурализмом and Omar Khayyam.At the time, when in Europe proportion was unfolding crisis bourgeois thought, Japanese literature accounted for horse chase european.That is why a young Japanese realism has been замутненным fashionable in Europe натурализмом and even made under his cloak. Realism became a power requirement of an era, and the Japanese writers went to it its own, special ways.

Must possess, the artist's Toei careful consideration on its own to respond to new developments. He had proclaimed the principle of the "true image" and began to write creative essays, "the right kind" (сясэибун), on ways to a large roman,Which it has not yet been able to create. Realism Toei Seaky Ji was still very limited, it was saturated with elements of idealism. Careful consideration called for freezing the reality,But according to his teachings must be to depict mainly excellent, > in each phenomena hidden beauty. To Matsuyama after graduating from university teach English at a junior high school there is largely inherited aesthetic views of his friend,Regurgitation and deepening their interested in their jobs.Lord Himself to Matsuyama after graduating from university teach English at a junior high school there is not; the writers-реалистам (schools "сидзэнсюги" ), he game flat бытовизм, which besiege some of them,But in the best of the great realist works it. Artist, влю