Но прежде чем детальнее поговорить

Но прежде чем детальнее поговорить об успехах энергетической отрасли Германии, напомним, что подразумевается под альтернативными, или возобновляемыми, источниками энергии.

Во-первых, это гидроэлектростанции, которые производят около 23% возобновляемой энергии Германии. Во-вторых, ветроэнергетика (примерно 43%). Следует упомянуть также использование энергии Солнца с помощью фотоэлектрических преобразователей и солнечных коллекторов, получение биогаза и жидкого биотоплива из органических отходов и, наконец, геотермальную энергетику.

Сами по себе гидроэлектростанции, конечно, отнюдь не техническая новинка, но в Германии количество выработанной ими электроэнергии растёт не за счёт строительства новых станций, а только в результате модернизации старых.

А вот ветроэнергетика развивается ускоренными темпами и в Германии заняла прочные позиции благодаря дешевизне. В Европе себестоимость 1 кВт «ветряной» электроэнергии — 9 центов, всего в два раза дороже выработанной ТЭЦ (для сравнения: себестоимость «солнечной» энергии — 40 центов). По числу ветроэнергетических установок — более 20 000 — Германия опережает все страны мира. Никого уже не удивляют многочисленные гигантские сооружения (высота самого большого «ветряка» 138 м) с огромными «пропеллерами», стоящие по обе стороны автобанов. Стальные лопасти настолько велики, что их невозможно перевезти целиком. Ветродвигатель, соединённый с генератором электрического тока, вращается со скоростью 20—25 оборотов в минуту (см. «Наука и жизнь» № 3, 2004 г.). Общая мощность ветроэнергетических установок превысила 25 МВт. Главная германская компания по производству ветроустановок «Enecon» выпускает их около десятка в неделю, занимая четвёртое место в мире. Однако свой ресурс ветряная установка вырабатывает за двадцать лет.

Приобрести ветродвигатель, по крайней мере самый маленький, ценой около миллиона евро, в принципе, могут и частные лица. Но хозяин ветроустановки всю выработанную энергию обязан продать в общую электрическую сеть. И всё равно ставить ветроэнергетические установки в Германии выгодно: их владельцы получают различные субсидии и налоговые льготы.

Помимо ветроэнергетики в Германии активно развивается производство полупроводниковых фотоэлектрических преобразователей (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). Они весьма эффективно превращают солнечную энергию в электрическую, но имеют ряд недостатков: работают только днём, да и себестоимость выработанной ими энергии в 10 раз выше «тепловой». Тем не менее Германия — мировой лидер в производстве энергии с помощью фотоэлектрических преобразователей (около 4 ТВт в год). Сегодня КПД промышленных фотоэлектрических преобразователей составляет в среднем 16—18%, а лабораторных — около 40%. Так что потенциал для развития этой технологии огромен.

Собранную коллекторами (зеркалами и теплоизолированными ёмкостями) солнечную энергию можно использовать для непосредственного нагрева воды для бытовых нужд. В промышленности так получают перегретый пар, который вращает турбину с электрогенератором на оси. Такая паровая турбина вырабатывает и электроэнергию, и тепло для обогрева. Учитывая, что 60—70% всей потребляемой энергии в Германии идёт на обогрев жилищ, этому виду техники придают особое значение. Каждый год площадь солнечных коллекторов в Германии практически удваивается.

Results (English) 1:

But before we talk more about the success of the German energy industry, as you know, what is meant by alternative or renewable energy sources. First, it is a hydro power plant, which produces about 23% of renewable energy in Germany. Secondly, wind power (about 43%) mention should also use the Sun's energy using photovoltaic cells and solar, biogas and liquid biofuels from organic wastes and, finally, geothermal energy. Hydroelectric in themselves, of course, is not a gadget, but in Germany the amount of electricity they generated is not due to the construction of new plants, but only as a result of the modernization of old.But wind power is developing at an accelerated pace and in Germany has taken a strong position thanks to cheapness. In Europe, the cost of 1 kWh of electricity — "wind" 9 cents, twice the price of the THERMAL POWER STATION (for comparison: the cost of solar energy — 40 cents). The number of wind turbines — more than 20000-Germany is ahead of all countries in the world. No one is surprised by the many gigantic buildings (the height of the "Windmill" 138 m) with huge "propellers", standing on both sides of the highways. Steel blades are so large that they cannot be carried by the whole thing. Wind turbine connected to a generator of electric current, rotates at 20-25 revolutions per minute (see. "Science and life", no. 3, 2004, 2005). The total capacity of wind turbines exceeded 25 Mw. The main German company manufacturing wind turbines «Enecon "produces about a dozen of them a week, ranking fourth in the world. But its chicken unit produces for twenty years.Purchase a wind turbine, at least the smallest, at the cost of about a million euro, in principle, can and individuals. But the wind energy produced master is obliged to sell to the public electric grid. And anyway to put wind power in Germany is beneficial: their owners receive various subsidies and tax credits.In addition to wind power in Germany is actively developing production of semiconductor photovoltaic (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). They are very effective in turning solar energy into electricity, but have a number of disadvantages: work only during the day, and the cost of the energy generated 10 times more "heat". However, Germany is the world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic cells (about 4 Twh per year). Today the industrial EFFICIENCY of photovoltaic cells is approximately 16-18%, and the laboratory is about 40%. So the potential for the development of this technology is enormous.Collected by collectors (mirrors and heat insulated containers) solar energy can be used for direct heating of water for household use. In an industry so get overheated steam, which spins a turbine with a generator on the axis. This steam turbine produces electricity and heat for heating. Given that 60-70% of all energy consumed in Germany is for heating homes, this type of equipment attached particular importance. Each year the area of solar collectors in Germany almost doubled.

Results (English) 2:

But before we talk in more detail about the success of the energy industry in Germany, we recall what is meant by alternative or renewable, sources of energy. Firstly, it is hydroelectric power, which produce about 23% of renewable energy in Germany. Secondly, the wind energy (approximately 43%). I should also mention the use of solar energy using photovoltaic cells and solar, biogas and liquid biofuels from organic waste and, finally, geothermal energy. By themselves, hydroelectric power, of course, is not technical innovation, but in Germany the number of generated electricity grows not due to the construction of new plants, but only as a result of the modernization of the old ones. But wind power is developing rapidly in Germany and occupied a strong position thanks to the low cost. In Europe, the cost of 1 kW "wind" power - 9 cents, only twice as expensive generated CHP (for comparison, the cost of "solar" energy - 40 cents). By the number of wind power plants - more than 20 000 - Germany ahead of all countries of the world. No one is not surprised by the numerous giant structures (the height of the largest "windmill" 138 m) with a huge "propeller", standing on both sides of highways. Steel blades are so large that they can not carry the whole thing. Wind turbine connected to a generator of electric current, rotates at a speed of 20-25 rpm (see. "Science and Life» № 3, 2004). The total capacity of wind turbines exceeds 25 MW. Home German company for the production of wind turbines «Enecon» lets them about a dozen a week, ranking fourth in the world. However, the resource wind plant produces twenty years. Buy a wind turbine, at least the smallest, at the cost of around one million euros, in principle, and individuals. But the owner of the entire wind turbine generated energy is obliged to sell to the general electricity network. And anyway to put wind turbines in Germany profitable: their owners receive various subsidies and tax breaks. In addition to wind energy in Germany is actively developing the production of semiconductor photovoltaic (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). They very effectively convert solar energy into electricity, but have several disadvantages: they work only during the day, and the cost of energy generated by them is 10 times more "heat". Nevertheless, Germany - the world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic cells (about 4 TWh per year). Today industrial photovoltaic efficiency averages 16-18% and a laboratory - about 40%. So the potential for this technology is enormous. The collected collectors (mirrors and insulated capacity) solar energy can be used for direct heating of water for household needs. Industrially prepared as superheated steam to drive a turbine with an electric axis. This produces steam turbine and electricity and heat for heating. Given that 60-70% of total energy consumption in Germany goes for heating homes, this type of equipment attached particular importance. Each year the area of solar collectors in Germany almost doubled.

Results (English) 3:

But before we invite you to talk about the progress energy industry Germany, however, what is meant by alternative, or renewable, energy sources. Lord in the first place, it is hydroelectric power,Which produce approximately 23% renewable energy Germany. Secondly, wind energy (approximately 43 % ).Mention should also be made using the Sun's energy using photovoltaic cells and solar collectors, obtaining biogas and liquid biofuels from organic waste, and, finally,Geothermal energy. Lord themselves, hydroelectric power plants, of course, it is not technical innovation, but also in Germany the number of articulated their power is growing at the expense of building new stations,As a result only in upgrading old.Lord but wind energy is an accelerated pace and in Germany has taken a strong position with the most egregiously.In Europe cost 1 kw "varicella" power - 9 cents, only two times more expensive than defined Thermal Power Station (for comparison: cost "solar" energy - 40 cents).The wind turbines - more than 20,000 - Germany outpaced all the countries of the world. No one will be intrigued many giant installations (the height of a large "village foremans" 138 m) with the huge "army",The challenges on both sides of the автобанов. Steel blades are so great that they cannot be transported. Wind turbine, which is connected to the alternator electrical current,Rotates at the rate of 20-25 revolutions per minute (see "Science and Life" No. 3, 2004. ). The total power wind turbines has exceeded 25 MW.The German company to produce wind turbines "Eneсоn" is releasing their about a dozen a week, taking the fourth place in the world. However, its resource a wind installation generates for twenty years.

Buy a wind turbine, at least the world's smallest, cost about a million euros can, in principle, and private individuals. But boss wind turbines all endorsed energy is obliged to sell the common electrical network.And all as well to put wind in Germany, around: their owners receive various subsidies and tax credits.

In addition wind energy in Germany is actively developing production silicon photovoltaic dc-DC converters (Phоtоvоltаiс cells, PVC). They are very effectively makes solar energy into electrical energy,But also have a number of shortcomings: operate only on that day, yes, costs emanating from their energy in 10 times higher than the "heat".None the less, Germany is a world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic dc-DC converters (approximately 4 TWH per year). Today's energy efficient industrial photovoltaic dc-DC converters was on average 16- 18 %,A laboratory is approximately 40 %. So that the potential for development of this technology is enormous.

Assembled manifolds (mirrors and теплоизолированными tanks) solar energy can be used for direct heating of water for household needs. In industry so are superheated steam,Which turns the turbine with an electric generator on the axle. Such a steam turbine to produce electricity, and heat for heating. Bearing in mind that 60- 70% of all energy consumption in Germany is on the heated homes,This technology to attach particular importance. Each year the area solar collectors in Germany nearly doubles.