На пути к ветру и солнцу№9, 2011 го

На пути к ветру и солнцу
№9, 2011 год
Кандидат химических наук Ольга Белоконева, корреспондент журнала «Наука и жизнь».

Нефть, газ, уголь, энергия атома, без сомнения, самые эффективные энергоресурсы. Беда в том, что их запасы ограничены, да и экологически они небезопасны. Поэтому многие крупные производства и целые государства мечтают стать независимыми от традиционных энергоресурсов и соответственно от энергетических монополистов, снизить риски от подъёма ими цен. Кроме того, внедрение новых технологий создаст новые рынки для инвесторов и дополнительные места для квалифицированных работников. Так что для любой индустриальной страны одним из главных экономических приоритетов становится развитие альтернативной энергетики. В России её сдерживают высокие затраты на создание новых установок и слишком дешёвая энергия, получаемая на ТЭЦ и АЭС, себестоимость которой в два-три раза ниже, чем в Западной Европе. Соответственно российские инвесторы не находят эту отрасль привлекательной. В 2008 году возобновляемые источники в нашей стране давали только 0,4% энергии. В планах правительства через 20 лет довести долю альтернативной энергетики в общем производстве энергии до трёх процентов, да и то, если у отрасли появится финансирование.

Однако в мире есть немало стран, где производство возобновляемой энергии уже поставлено на поток. В Европе первая из них — Германия. Решение о постепенном переходе на альтернативные источники энергии принято здесь на правительственном уровне ещё в 2000 году. Сегодня Германия занимает третье место в мире по расходам на развитие возобновляемой энергетики, уступая лишь Китаю и США. Только в 2008 году было выделено на совершенствование энергетических технологий почти 10 млрд евро и создано около 300 тысяч рабочих мест.

Огромные средства на развитие новых технологий удаётся заработать, внедряя эти же технологии. С 2005 года по Киотскому протоколу в Евросоюзе работает система выплат за снижение выброса парниковых газов. Большая доля выбросов связана с работой теплоэлектростанций (ТЭЦ), немалый вклад вносят нефтеперерабатывающие заводы, а также заводы по производству цемента, чугуна и стали. По данным на 2005 год, пять тысяч тепловых станций, работающих в развитых странах, выбрасывают 11 гигатонн парниковых газов в год. Из них на долю Германии приходится только 0,4 гигатонны.

Кроме того, страны-загрязнители, использующие устаревшие технологии, покупают квоты на выбросы у стран, внедряющих альтернативную энергетику. Деньги, вырученные Германией за продажу квот, идут на экологические программы, на развитие альтернативной энергетики и повышение эффективности производства и потребления. Согласно расчётам, только с помощью более рационального использования энергии в быту можно снизить её потребление в два с лишним раза.

Но прежде чем детальнее поговорить об успехах энергетической отрасли Германии, напомним, что подразумевается под альтернативными, или возобновляемыми, источниками энергии.

Во-первых, это гидроэлектростанции, которые производят около 23% возобновляемой энергии Германии. Во-вторых, ветроэнергетика (примерно 43%). Следует упомянуть также использование энергии Солнца с помощью фотоэлектрических преобразователей и солнечных коллекторов, получение биогаза и жидкого биотоплива из органических отходов и, наконец, геотермальную энергетику.

Сами по себе гидроэлектростанции, конечно, отнюдь не техническая новинка, но в Германии количество выработанной ими электроэнергии растёт не за счёт строительства новых станций, а только в результате модернизации старых.

А вот ветроэнергетика развивается ускоренными темпами и в Германии заняла прочные позиции благодаря дешевизне. В Европе себестоимость 1 кВт «ветряной» электроэнергии — 9 центов, всего в два раза дороже выработанной ТЭЦ (для сравнения: себестоимость «солнечной» энергии — 40 центов). По числу ветроэнергетических установок — более 20 000 — Германия опережает все страны мира. Никого уже не удивляют многочисленные гигантские сооружения (высота самого большого «ветряка» 138 м) с огромными «пропеллерами», стоящие по обе стороны автобанов. Стальные лопасти настолько велики, что их невозможно перевезти целиком. Ветродвигатель, соединённый с генератором электрического тока, вращается со скоростью 20—25 оборотов в минуту (см. «Наука и жизнь» № 3, 2004 г.). Общая мощность ветроэнергетических установок превысила 25 МВт. Главная германская компания по производству ветроустановок «Enecon» выпускает их около десятка в неделю, занимая четвёртое место в мире. Однако свой ресурс ветряная установка вырабатывает за двадцать лет.

Приобрести ветродвигатель, по крайней мере самый маленький, ценой около миллиона евро, в принципе, могут и частные лица. Но хозяин ветроустановки всю выработанную энергию обязан продать в общую электрическую сеть. И всё равно ставить ветроэнергетические установки в Германии выгодно: их владельцы получают различные субсидии и налоговые льготы.

Помимо ветроэнергетики в Германии активно развивается производство полупроводниковых фотоэлектрических преобразователей (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). Они весьма эффективно превращают солнечную энергию в электрическую, но имеют ряд недостатков: работают только днём, да и себестоимость выработанной ими энергии в 10 раз выше «тепловой». Тем не менее Германия — мировой лидер в производстве энергии с помощью фотоэлектрических преобразователей (около 4 ТВт в год). Сегодня КПД промышленных фотоэлектрических преобразователей составляет в среднем 16—18%, а лабораторных — около

Results (English) 1:

On the way to the wind and the SunNo. 9, 2011 yearDoctor of chemical sciences, Olga Belokoneva, a correspondent of the journal "Science and life". Oil, gas, coal, nuclear energy is, without a doubt, the most efficient energy. The trouble is that their supplies are limited and are not environmentally friendly. So many big production and whole countries dream of becoming independent from traditional energy sources and accordingly from the energy monopolies, reduce risks from lifting their prices. In addition, the introduction of new technologies will create new markets for investors and additional places for skilled workers. So for any industrial country, one of the main economic priorities is the development of alternative energy. In Russia it is holding back the high cost of building new facilities and very cheap energy to THERMAL and nuclear power plants, which cost two to three times lower than in Western Europe. Accordingly, Russian investors do not find this industry attractive. In 2008, the renewable sources in our country were giving only 0.4% of the energy. The Government plans a 20 years to bring the share of renewable energy in total energy production up to three per cent, and even then, if industry funding appears.However, in the world there are many countries where the production of renewable energy is delivered to a thread. In Europe, the first of them is Germany. The decision on the gradual transition to alternative energy sources is accepted here at the governmental level in the year 2000. Today Germany is ranked third in the world for the development of renewable energy, second only to China and the United States. Only in 2008 year was allocated for improving energy technology almost 10 billion euros and created about 300 jobs.Huge funds for the development of new technologies to make implementing these technologies. The 2005 year of the Kyoto Protocol in the EU system payments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A large proportion of emissions linked to the operation of thermal power plants (TPP), a considerable contribution of oil refineries and cement plants, iron and steel. According to the 2005 year, five thousand thermal stations in developed countries emit 11 gigatons of greenhouse gases a year. Of which Germany accounted for only 0.4 gigatonnes.Moreover, the pollutants that use outdated technology, buy emissions quotas from countries adopting alternative energy. Money raised By the sale of quotas, are environmental programmes, the development of alternative energy and increase the efficiency of production and consumption. According to estimations, only using a more rational use of energy in the home, you can reduce its consumption of more than two times. But before we talk more about the success of the German energy industry, as you know, what is meant by alternative or renewable energy sources. First, it is a hydro power plant, which produces about 23% of renewable energy in Germany. Secondly, wind power (about 43%) mention should also use the Sun's energy using photovoltaic cells and solar, biogas and liquid biofuels from organic wastes and, finally, geothermal energy. Hydroelectric in themselves, of course, is not a gadget, but in Germany the amount of electricity they generated is not due to the construction of new plants, but only as a result of the modernization of old.But wind power is developing at an accelerated pace and in Germany has taken a strong position thanks to cheapness. In Europe, the cost of 1 kWh of electricity — "wind" 9 cents, twice the price of the THERMAL POWER STATION (for comparison: the cost of solar energy — 40 cents). The number of wind turbines — more than 20000-Germany is ahead of all countries in the world. No one is surprised by the many gigantic buildings (the height of the "Windmill" 138 m) with huge "propellers", standing on both sides of the highways. Steel blades are so large that they cannot be carried by the whole thing. Wind turbine connected to a generator of electric current, rotates at 20-25 revolutions per minute (see. "Science and life", no. 3, 2004, 2005). The total capacity of wind turbines exceeded 25 Mw. The main German company manufacturing wind turbines «Enecon "produces about a dozen of them a week, ranking fourth in the world. But its chicken unit produces for twenty years.Purchase a wind turbine, at least the smallest, at the cost of about a million euro, in principle, can and individuals. But the wind energy produced master is obliged to sell to the public electric grid. And anyway to put wind power in Germany is beneficial: their owners receive various subsidies and tax credits.In addition to wind power in Germany is actively developing production of semiconductor photovoltaic (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). They are very effective in turning solar energy into electricity, but have a number of disadvantages: work only during the day, and the cost of the energy generated 10 times more "heat". However, Germany is the world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic cells (about 4 Twh per year). Today the industrial EFFICIENCY of photovoltaic cells is approximately 16-18%, and laboratory-about

Results (English) 2:

On the way to the wind and the sun
№9, 2011
PhD in Chemistry Olga Belokoneva, correspondent of the magazine "Science and Life." Oil, gas, coal, atomic energy, without a doubt, the most effective energy. The trouble is that supplies are limited, and they are environmentally safe. Therefore, many large manufacturing and entire nations dream of becoming independent from traditional energy resources and energy, respectively, of monopolies, reduce risks from lifting their prices. In addition, the introduction of new technologies will create new markets for investors and additional space for skilled workers. So for any industrial country one of the main economic priorities is the development of alternative energy. In Russia, it constrained by high costs of setting up new facilities and too cheap energy received at the CHP and nuclear power plants, the cost of which is two to three times lower than in Western Europe. Accordingly, Russian investors do not find the industry attractive. In 2008, renewable sources in our country was given only 0.4% of the energy. The government plans to bring in 20 years the share of renewable energy in total energy production by up to three percent, and even then, if the industry will be funded. However, in the world there are many countries where the production of renewable energy has already put on stream. In Europe, the first of them - Germany. The decision on a gradual transition to alternative energy sources are taken at the government level yet in 2000. Today, Germany is the third largest in the world in expenditure on the development of renewable energy, second only to China and the United States. Only in 2008 was allocated for the improvement of energy technologies for nearly 10 billion euros and created about 300,000 jobs. Huge funds for the development of new technologies manage to earn, introducing the same technology. Since 2005, the Kyoto Protocol, the EU operates a system of payments for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A large proportion of emissions associated with the work of thermal power plants (CHP), making a significant contribution refineries and factories for the production of cement, iron and steel. As of 2005, five thousand thermal stations operating in developed countries emit 11 gigatons of greenhouse gases per year. Of these, Germany accounts for only 0.4 gigatons. In addition, the country's polluting, obsolete technology, buy emissions credits from countries implementing alternative energy. Money raised by Germany for the sale of quotas, go to environmental programs for the development of alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of production and consumption. According to estimates, only with a more rational use of energy in the home can reduce its consumption of more than two times. But before we talk in more detail about the success of the energy industry in Germany, we recall what is meant by alternative or renewable, sources of energy. Firstly, is hydroelectric, which produce about 23% of renewable energy in Germany. Secondly, the wind energy (approximately 43%). I should also mention the use of solar energy using photovoltaic cells and solar, biogas and liquid biofuels from organic waste and, finally, geothermal energy. By themselves, hydroelectric power, of course, is not technical innovation, but in Germany the number of generated electricity grows not due to the construction of new plants, but only as a result of the modernization of the old ones. But wind power is developing rapidly in Germany and occupied a strong position thanks to the low cost. In Europe, the cost of 1 kW "wind" power - 9 cents, only twice as expensive generated CHP (for comparison, the cost of "solar" energy - 40 cents). By the number of wind power plants - more than 20 000 - Germany ahead of all countries of the world. No one is not surprised by the numerous giant structures (the height of the largest "windmill" 138 m) with a huge "propeller", standing on both sides of highways. Steel blades are so large that they can not carry the whole thing. Wind turbine connected to a generator of electric current, rotates at a speed of 20-25 rpm (see. "Science and Life» № 3, 2004). The total capacity of wind turbines exceeds 25 MW. Home German company for the production of wind turbines «Enecon» lets them about a dozen a week, ranking fourth in the world. However, the resource wind plant produces twenty years. Buy a wind turbine, at least the smallest, at the cost of around one million euros, in principle, and individuals. But the owner of the entire wind turbine generated energy is obliged to sell to the general electricity network. And anyway to put wind turbines in Germany profitable: their owners receive various subsidies and tax breaks. In addition to wind energy in Germany is actively developing the production of semiconductor photovoltaic (Photovoltaic cells, PVC). They very effectively convert solar energy into electricity, but have several disadvantages: they work only during the day, and the cost of energy generated by them is 10 times more "heat". Nevertheless, Germany - the world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic cells (about 4 TWh per year). Today industrial photovoltaic efficiency averages 16-18% and a laboratory - about

Results (English) 3:

On the way to the wind and the sun
#9, 2011
candidate chemical sciences Olga Белоконева, correspondent for the magazine "Science and life". Lord oil, gas, coal, nuclear energy, without a doubt, the most effective energy. A misfortune,That their stocks are limited, yes and environmentally they are unsafe.Therefore, many of the major production and entire States looking to become independent of traditional energy resources and, accordingly, the energy monopoly, reduce risk of raise their prices. In addition,The introduction of new technologies will create new markets for investors and additional space for qualified workers.So that for any industrial country as one of the main economic priorities becomes development alternative energy.In Russia it impede the high cost of the establishment of new installations and is too cheap energy, obtained at the CHPP and nuclear power plant, which cost two to three times lower than in Western Europe.Accordingly, the Russian investors do not find this industry attractive. In 2008, renewable sources in our country was only 0.4 % of the energy.The plans of the government 20 years to increase the share of alternative energy in the overall energy production up to three per cent, yes and, if the industry appears financing.lord, but in the world there are many countries,Where production of renewable energy has been delivered to the stream. In Europe the first of them - Germany.The decision on the gradual transition to alternative sources of energy taken here at the governmental level is still in the year 2000.Today, Germany is the third largest in the world for the expenditure on renewable energy, second only China and the United States.Only in 2008, has been allocated to improving energy technology almost 10 billion euros and created some 300 of thousands of jobs.lord enormous funds for the development of new technology to earn,By instilling these same technologies. In 2005, the Kyoto protocol the EU is running the system of payments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A large proportion of the emissions is linked to the operation of the thermal power plants (CHP).A great contribution to make oil refineries, as well as plants for the production of cement, iron and steel. According to the year 2005, five thousand thermal station, working in the developed countries,11 GTC emitted greenhouse gas emissions per year. Of them the share of Germany accounted for only 0.4, gigatons of.lord in addition, the pollutants, using outdated technology, buy quotas for emissions from countries,Adopting an alternative energy. Money, proceeds by Germany for the sale quotas, go to environmental programs, and the development alternative energy sources and improving the efficiency of the production and consumption patterns.According to the calculations, only with a more rational use of energy in the home can reduce its consumption in more than two times. Lord but before you undertake to talk about the progress energy industry Germany,However, what is meant by alternative, or renewable, energy sources. Lord in the first place, it is hydroelectric power plants, which produce about 23% renewable energy Germany. Secondly,Wind energy (approximately 43 % ). Mention should also be made using the Sun's energy using photovoltaic dc/dc converters and solar collectors,Receive biogas and liquid biofuels from organic waste, and, finally, geothermal energy. Lord themselves, hydroelectric power plants, of course, it is not technical innovation,But in Germany the number of articulated their power is growing at the expense of building new stations, but only as a result upgrading old.

This is wind energy is an accelerated pace and in Germany has taken a strong position thanks to inexpensive. In Europe cost 1 kw "varicella" power - 9 cents,The two times more expensive than defined Thermal Power Station (for comparison: cost "solar" energy - 40 cents). The wind turbines - more than 20,000 - Germany outpaced all the countries of the world.No one will be intrigued many giant installations (the height of a large "village foremans" 138 m) with the huge "army", the challenges on both sides of the автобанов. Steel blades are so great,That they cannot be transported. Wind turbine, which is connected to the alternator electrical current, rotates at a rate of 20-25 revolutions per minute (see "Science and Life" 3, 2004. ).The total power wind turbines has exceeded 25 MW. The German company to produce wind turbines "Eneсоn" is releasing their about a dozen a week, taking the fourth place in the world.However, its resource a wind installation generates for twenty years.lord buy a wind turbine, at least the world's smallest, cost about a million euros, in principle, may and private individuals.But boss wind turbines all endorsed energy is obliged to sell the common electrical network. And all as well to put wind energy installation, around in Germany.Their owners receive various subsidies and tax credits.lord apart from wind energy in Germany is actively developing production silicon photovoltaic dc-DC converters (Phоtоvоltаiс cells, PVC).They are very effectively transform solar energy into electrical energy, but also have a number of shortcomings: operate only on that day, yes, costs emanating from their energy in 10 times higher than the "heat".None the less, Germany is a world leader in the production of energy using photovoltaic dc-DC converters (approximately 4 TWH per year). Today's energy efficient industrial photovoltaic dc-DC converters was on average 16- 18 %,A laboratory - about