Варианты конструкций ветряных турби

Варианты конструкций ветряных турбин

Крупные ветряные турбины размещаются на высоких и прочных башнях. Высота типичной башни ветряной турбины, закрепленной на мощном бетонном фундаменте, составляет от 50 до 80 м. Для большей устойчивости башни закрепляют растяжками.

Лопасти ветряных турбин обычно в длину достигают от 25 до 40 м. Большинство крупных ветряных турбин имеют три лопасти, по в некоторых конструкциях может быть две, четыре и более. Диаметр вращения равен удвоенной длине лопасти. Несущий подшипник лопастей, электрогенератор и охлаждающий аппарат генератора размещаются в контейнере, называемом гондолой или корзиной. Подобная конструкция предназначена для вращения с постоянной угловой скоростью около 20 оборотов в минуту в пределах всего рабочего диапазона (допустимых скоростей ветра) турбины. Изменения скорости ветра в пределах этого диапазона приводят к изменению количества вырабатываемой электроэнергии, но не меняют скорость вращения лопастей. Передаточный механизм (редуктор) переводит угловую скорость лопастей в собственную угловую скорость вала электрогенератора, производящего переменный ток частотой в 60 Гц (в США) или 50 Гц (в Европе и некоторых других частях света).

Для штатной работы ветряная турбина должна быть ориентирована таким образом, чтобы ее лопасти вращались вокруг оси, направленной вдоль направления ветра. Иными словами, плоскость, образованная вращающимися лопастями турбины, должна быть перпендикулярна направлению ветра. Для этого все устройство (лопасти и гондола) закрепляется на поворотной панели, способной вращаться на 360° в горизонтальной плоскости. Направление и скорость ветра определяются при помощи флюгарки и анемометра, инструментов, сходных с теми, которые используются метеорологами для тех же целей. Если ветер становится слишком сильным, отказоустойчивая тормозная система останавливает и фиксирует лопасти, а поворотная панель разворачивает устройство под углом примерно 90° к направлению ветра с тем, чтобы турбина испытывала наименьшую нагрузку. У большинства крупных ветряных турбин лопасти расположены на наветренной (направленной против ветра) стороне гондолы. Эта конструкция так и называется — наветренная. Некоторые модели, однако, имеют лопасти на стороне гондолы, направленной по ветру, и называются подветренными. Какая из конструкций более эффективна (т. е. производит больше электричества в долгосрочной перспективе с учетом затрат), до сих пор является предметом спора. Сторонники наветренной конструкции подчеркивают, что эта технология испытанная, а с начала нового тысячелетия в нее внесено множество усовершенствований, повысивших эффективность и долговечность. Сторонники же подветренной конструкции утверждают, что ее лопасти могут «складываться» или «уклоняться» от ветра во время вращения, давая возможность турбине работать при более высокой скорости ветра, чем допустимо для наветренной турбины, что повышает показатель производительности. На некоторых крупных ветроэлектростанциях группы ветряных турбин (до шести штук) объединяют в каскады, которые подсоединяются к сети. В крупнейших ветропарках в каскады объединяют десятки турбин, и эта комбинация подключается по кабелю к электрораспределительной подстанции или к высоковольтной ЛЭП.

Results (English) 1:

Wind turbine design optionsLarge wind turbines are placed on high and strong towers. The height of a typical wind turbine tower, docked on a concrete foundation, ranging from 50 to 80 m Tower for bolshej stability fix streamers.The blades of wind turbines typically reach a length of 25 to 40 m. most large wind turbines have three blades, some designs may be two, four or more. Diameter of rotation is equal to twice the length of the blade. Bearing bearing blades, electric generator and a cooling apparatus of the generator are placed in a container called a gondola or basket. This design is designed to rotate at a constant angular velocity approximately 20 revolutions per minute within the entire operating range (speeds wind) turbines. Changes of wind speed within this range resulted in a change in the number of generated electricity, but do not change the rotation speed of the blades. Transmission (gearbox) translates the angular velocity of the blades in own angular velocity of the shaft generator, producing alternating current frequency of 60 Hz (United States) or 50 Hz (in Europe and some other parts of the world).For normal operation the wind turbine should be oriented so that its blades turn around an axis directed along the direction of the wind. In other words, the plane formed by the turbine rotating blade must be perpendicular to the wind direction. To do this, the entire device (blade and nacelle) is mounted on a pivoting panels, capable of running at 360° in the horizontal plane. Wind speed and direction are determined using a wind vane and anemometer, instruments, similar to those used by meteorologists for the same purpose. If the wind becomes too strong, fail-safe braking system stops and locks the blade pivoting Panel deploys the device at an angle of approximately 90° to the wind direction, so that the turbine has experienced the lowest load. The majority of large wind turbine blades are located on the Windward (against the wind) side of the gondola. This construction is called-navetrennaâ. Some models, however, have the blade on the side of the gondola designed by the wind, and are called Leeward. Which of these structures is more effective (i.e., produces more electricity in the long run, taking into consideration the costs), is still a matter of dispute. Supporters of Windward designs emphasize that this technology is proven, and since the beginning of the new millennium, it made a lot of improvements, enhanced efficiency and durability. Lee advocates argue that the design of its blades can "fold" or "shy away" from the wind during rotation, allowing the turbine to operate at higher wind speeds than is permissible for upwind turbine that increases productivity. Some major vetroèlektrostanciâh groups of wind turbines (up to 6 PCs) combine the Cascades, which are connected to the network. In the largest wind turbine parks in Cascades combine dozens of turbines, and this combination is connected by cable to the electricity distribution substations or high-voltage POWER LINES.

Results (English) 2:

Possible designs of wind turbines Large wind turbines are placed on a high and strong towers. The height of a typical tower for a wind turbine attached to a powerful concrete foundation, from 50 to 80 m. For greater stability of the tower is fixed extensions. The blades of the wind turbine typically length is from 25 to 40 m. Most large wind turbines have three blades, in some structures may be two, four or more. Rotational diameter equal to twice the length of the blade. Ball bearing blades, generator and generator cooling unit placed in a container called a gondola or basket. This design is intended to rotate at a constant angular speed of about 20 revolutions per minute within the operating range (wind speed) of the turbine. Changes in wind speed within this range lead to a change in the amount of electricity generated, but do not change the speed of the blades. Gears (gear) takes the angular speed of the blades in the proper angular velocity of the shaft generator, generating alternating current frequency of 60 Hz (US) or 50 Hz (in Europe and some other parts of the world). For normal operation of the wind turbine has to be designed so to its blades rotate about an axis directed along the direction of the wind. In other words, the plane formed by the rotating blades of the turbine, must be perpendicular to the wind direction. For this purpose all the devices (blades and nacelle) fixed on a rotary bar, rotatable by 360 ° in the horizontal plane. Wind direction and speed are determined by the wind vane and anemometer, tools similar to those used by meteorologists for the same purpose. If the wind is too strong, resilient brake stops and fixes the rotor blades, and the rotation panel device deploys an angle of approximately 90 ° to the wind direction so that the turbine has experienced the least load. Most large wind turbine blades are arranged on the windward (directed against the wind) side of the gondola. This design is called - windward. Some models, however, have the blade on the side of the gondola, designed by the wind, and are referred to leeward. Which of designs more effective (ie. E. Produces more electricity in the long term, taking into account costs), is still the subject of dispute. Supporters of upwind designs emphasize that this technology is tried and tested, and since the beginning of the new millennium, it introduced a number of improvements that have increased efficiency and durability. Proponents claim leeward design that its blades can be "folded" or "shy" from the wind during the rotation, allowing the turbine to operate at higher wind speeds than is permissible for the windward turbines, which improves performance metric. In some large wind power wind turbine group (up to six) were combined in stages, which are connected to the network. The largest wind farm in cascades combine dozens of turbines, and the combination is connected by cable to the electricity substation or high voltage power lines.

Results (English) 3:

options for the construction of wind turbines

large wind turbines are located in the high and strong towers. the height of the wind turbine tower, laid down on solid concrete foundation is from 50 to 80 m. для greater sustainability of tower based stretch marks.

the blades of wind turbines usually in length is from 25 to 40 mm. most of the large wind turbines have three lobes, in some constructions may be two.four and more. the diameter of rotation of the double length of the blades. bearing bearing blades, generator and generator cooling apparatus are accommodated in a container called a гондолой or basket.this design is designed for rotation with constant angular velocity about 20 revolutions per minute throughout the working range (maximum wind speeds) of the turbine.changes in wind speed within the range are altering the quantity of electricity generated, but do not change the speed of rotation of the blades.the transmission (gearbox) translates угловую speed the blades in their own угловую speed shaft of electric generator.making the alternating current frequency of 60 hz (in the us) or 50 hz (in europe and some other parts of the world).

for the establishment of wind turbine should be oriented accordingly.to the blades rotate around the axis directed along the direction of the wind. in other words, the plane formed by rotating blades of turbine should be perpendicular to the direction of the wind.the entire device (blade and a gondola) is mounted on the turning plate can rotate at 360 deg in the horizontal plane. the direction and speed of wind is determined with the aid of флюгарки and анемометра,tools similar to those used метеорологами for the same purpose. if the wind is too strong, отказоустойчивая braking system stops and a blade.a turning bar device is approximately 90 degrees angle to the direction of the wind, so that the turbine experienced the lowest load.the majority of large wind turbine blades are located on the windward side of the gondola (against the wind). this construction is called the наветренная. some models, however.have the blades on the side of the gondola, aimed to the wind, and are called подветренными. what kind of design is more efficient (t. e. produces more electricity in the long term, taking into account the costs)is still a matter of dispute. the upwind design emphasize that this technology is proven, and the beginning of the new millennium has made many improvements.повысивших efficiency and durability. the same lee design claim that the blade may be складываться» or "уклоняться» wind during rotation.in order to propel the turbine to operate at a higher speed than the permissible for upwind wind turbine that increases the rate of productivity.some of the major ветроэлектростанциях group of wind turbines (6 g) combine in the cascades, which are connected to the network. in the largest ветропарках in cascades are dozens of turbinesand this combination is connected via cable to a high-voltage power line energy distributive substation or for


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