Основы работы в InternetОколо 20 ле

Основы работы в Internet
Около 20 лет назад Министерство Обороны США создало сеть, которая явилась предтечей Internet, - она называлась ARPAnet. ARPAnet была экспериментальной сетью, - она создавалась для поддержки научных исследований в военно-промышленной сфере, - в частности, для исследования методов построения сетей, устойчивых к частичным повреждениям, получаемым, например, при бомбардировке авиацией и способных в таких условиях продолжать нормальное функционирование. Это требование дает ключ к пониманию принципов построения и структуры Internet. В модели ARPAnet всегда была связь между компьютером-источником и компьютером-приемником (станцией назначения). Сеть a priori предполагалась ненадежной: любая часть сети может исчезнуть в любой момент.
На связывающиеся компьютеры - не только на саму сеть - также возложена ответственность обеспечивать налаживание и поддержание связи. Основной принцип состоял в том, что любой компьютер мог связаться как равный с равным с любым другим компьютером.
Передача данных в сети была организована на основе протокола Internet - IP. Протокол IP - это правила и описание работы сети. Этот свод включает правила налаживания и поддержания связи в сети, правила обращения с IP-пакетами и их обработки, описания сетевых пакетов семейства IP (их структура и т.п.). Сеть задумывалась и проектировалась так, чтобы от пользователей не требовалось никакой информации о конкретной структуре сети. Для того, чтобы послать сообщение по сети, компьютер должен поместить данные в некий ``конверт, называемый, например, IP, указать на этом ``конверте конкретный адрес в сети и передать получившиеся в результате этих процедур пакеты в сеть.
Примерно 10 лет спустя после появления ARPAnet появились Локальные Вычислительные Сети (LAN), например, такие как Ethernet и др. Одновременно появились компьютеры, которые стали называть рабочими станциями. На большинстве рабочих станций была установлена Операционная Система UNIX. Эта ОС имела возможность работы в сети с протоколом Internet (IP). В связи с возникновением принципиально новых задач и методов их решения появилась новая потребность: организации желали подключиться к ARPAnet своей локальной сетью. Примерно в то же время появились другие организации, которые начали создавать свои собственные сети, использующие близкие к IP коммуникационные протоколы. Стало ясно, что все только выиграли бы, если бы эти сети могли общаться все вместе, ведь тогда пользователи из одной сети смогли бы связываться с пользователями другой сети.
Процесс совершенствования сети идет непрерывно. Однако, большинство этих перестроек происходит незаметно для пользователей. Включив компьютер, вы не увидите объявления о том, что ближайшие полгода Internet не будет доступна из-за модернизации. Возможно даже более важно то, что перегрузка сети и ее усовершенствование создали зрелую и практичную технологию. Проблемы были решены, а идеи развития проверены в деле.
Важно отметить то, что усилия NSF по развитию сети привели к тому, что любой желающий может получить доступ к сети. Прежде Internet была доступна только для исследователей в области информатики, государственным служащим и подрядчикам. NSF способствовал всеобщей доступности Internet по линии образования, вкладывая деньги в подсоединение учебного заведения к сети, только если то, в свою очередь, имело планы распространять доступ далее по округе. Таким образом, каждый студент четырехлетнего колледжа мог стать пользователем Internet.
И потребности продолжают расти. Большинство таких колледжей на Западе уже подсоединено к Internet, предпринимаются попытки подключить к этому процессу средние и начальные школы. Выпускники колледжей прекрасно осведомлены о преимуществах Internet и рассказывают о них своим работодателям. Вся эта деятельность приводит к непрерывному росту сети, к возникновению и решению проблем этого роста, развитию технологий и системы безопасности сети.

Results (English) 1:

The basics of working in InternetAbout 20 years ago, the United States Department of Defense has set up a network that was the forerunner of the Internet-it was called ARPAnet. The ARPANET was an experimental network, it was created to support research in the military-industrial sphere, in particular, to study methods of network construction, partially resistant to damage from, for example, bombing aircraft and capable in these circumstances to continue normal operation. This requirement provides the key to understanding the principles of construction and structure of the Internet. In the model the ARPAnet has always been a connection between the source and the computer-receiver (Terminus). Assumed a priori unreliable network: any part of the network can disappear at any time.For connecting computers, not only on the network also has the responsibility to establish and maintain communications. The basic principle was that any computer can communicate as equal with equal with any other computer.Data transmission network was organized based on Internet Protocol-IP. The IP protocol is a description of the rules and operation of the network. This set includes rules of establishing and maintaining a connection to the network, the rules for the treatment of IP packets and process them, descriptions of network packets the IP family (their structure, etc.). The network was conceived and designed so that the user does not need any information about a specific network structure. In order to send the message over the network, the computer must put the data in a ' ' envelope, called, for example, IP, indicate on the envelope the "specific address on the network and transmit the resulting packets into the network.About 10 years later, after the ARPAnet were local area networks (LAN), such as Ethernet, etc. At the same time there were computers, which became known as workstations. On most workstations, UNIX operating system was installed. This OS has had the opportunity to work in a network Internet Protocol (IP). With the emergence of fundamentally new tasks and the solutions to them, there's a new need: the organization wished to connect to its local network, ARPAnet. Around the same time, there were other organizations that began to create their own networks, using equal to IP communication protocols. It has become clear that all would benefit if these networks can communicate together, because then users of one network to communicate with users on another network.The improvement network is ongoing. However, most of these realignments is transparent to the users. Turning on the computer, you will not see the announcement that the next six months the Internet will not be available due to modernization. Perhaps even more important, network congestion and improvements have created a mature and practical technology. Problems have been solved, and the ideas of the development of checked in.It is important to note that the efforts of the NSF network development have resulted in anyone can gain access to the network. Before the Internet was available only to researchers in the field of Informatics, Government employees and contractors. NSF contributed to the universal access to the Internet through education, investing in connecting the school to the network only if it in turn had access spread further plans for the County. In this way, each student four-year college to become a user of the Internet.And the needs continue to grow. Most of the colleges in the West are already connected to the Internet, attempts are made to connect to the secondary and primary schools. College graduates are well aware of the benefits of the Internet and talk about them to their employers. All this leads to a continuous growth of the network, create and respond to this growth, the development of technology and network security.

Results (English) 2:

Internet Basics
About 20 years ago, the US Defense Department has established a network, which was the forerunner of the Internet, - it was called the ARPAnet. ARPAnet was an experimental network - it was created to support research in the military-industrial sector - in particular, for the study of methods for constructing networks that are resistant to partial damage, obtained, for example, in the bombardment and capable aircraft in such conditions to continue normal operation. This requirement gives the key to understanding the principles of design and structure of the Internet. In the ARPAnet model has always been a connection between the source computer and the destination machine (destination station). Network a priori assumed to be unreliable: any part of the network could disappear at any time.
In between the computer - not just to the network - also charged with the responsibility to ensure the establishment and maintenance of communications. The basic principle was that any computer can communicate as an equal with any other computer.
Data transmission network was organized on the basis of the protocol Internet - IP. Protocol IP - is the rules and description of the network. This set includes rules establishing and maintaining network connectivity, rules for handling IP-packets and their processing, network packet family description IP (their structure, etc.). The network was conceived and designed so that users do not require any information about the specific structure of the network. In order to send a message over the network, the computer must put the data in a `` envelope, called, for example, IP, point to this `` envelope specific address on the network and transmit the resulting packets of these procedures in the network.
About 10 years later after the appearance of ARPAnet emerged Local Area Networks (LAN), for example, such as Ethernet and others. At the same time there were computers, which became known as workstations. On most workstations installed operating system UNIX. This OS had the opportunity to work in a network protocol Internet (IP). Due to the emergence of fundamentally new tasks and methods of their solution, a new need: organizations want to connect to the ARPAnet its local network. Around the same time, there were other organizations that have started to create their own networks, using close to IP communication protocols. It became clear that everyone would benefit if these networks are able to communicate together, because then the users of the same network would be able to communicate with users on another network.
The process is continuous improvement of the network. However, most of these rearrangements is transparent to users. Turning on the computer, you will not see ads that Internet the next six months will not be available due to modernization. Perhaps even more importantly, network congestion and its improvements have created practical and mature technology. Problems have been solved, and the idea of development checked in.
It is important to note that the efforts of NSF to develop the network led to the fact that anyone can access the network. Before Internet was available only to researchers in computer science, government employees and contractors. NSF promoted universal access to Internet through education, investing in education institution connection to the network only if it, in turn, had plans to distribute further access to the area. Thus, each student four-year college could become a user of Internet.
And the needs continue to grow. Most of these colleges in the West is already connected to the Internet, attempts to connect to this process, secondary schools and primary schools. College graduates are well aware of the benefits of the Internet and tell them to their employers. All this activity leads to a continuous growth of the network, and to the emergence of the problems of this growth, the development of technology and network security.

Results (English) 3:

Basis of the work of the Internet
20 years ago U.S. Department of Defense has established a network, which was a precursor Internet, - it was called ARPANET. ARPANET was a pilot network,- It was designed to support research in the military-industrial sphere, - in particular, for the study of methods of building networks, sustainable to partial damage, derived, for example,When bombed by aircraft and capable in such circumstances to continue normal operation. This requirement gives you the key to the understanding of the principles of building and structure Internet.