4. Переводческие труды Ж.Делила «Ан

4. Переводческие труды Ж.Делила
«Анализ дискурса как метод перевода» (Оттава, 1980)
Исходные положения Ж.Делила находятся полностью в русле интерпретативной теории перевода.
Развивая концепцию Д.Селескович, Ж.Делил выделяет в процессе перевода три основных этапа: понимание, перевыражение (рассуждение) и подтверждающий анализ.
На втором этапе происходит перевыражение на языке перевода извлеченного смысла. При рассуждении по аналогии переводчик пытается установить сходство понятий.
На третьем этапе — подтверждающего анализа — избранные варианты перевода оцениваются с точки зрения их приемлемости по смыслу, логичности и т.п. Неверные варианты должны, заменяться на более правильные.
Таким образом, в процессе перевода переводчик осуществляет двойную интерпретацию: при извлечении смысла оригинала и при оценке варианта перевода в ходе подтверждающего анализа. При этом процесс перевода может быть схематично представлен следующим образом (см. схему 2 на с. 219).
Отличительная черта концепции Ж.Делила - попытка связать теоретические положения с характеристикой переводческого билингвизма и с задачами обучения будущих переводчиков. Он пытается выявить различие между билингвизмом профессионального переводчика и билингвом, для которого владение двумя языками не является условием его профессиональной деятельности.
Переводчик никогда не переводит изолированных фраз, а всегда имеет дело с реальными текстами, предназначенными для определенной аудитории. Поэтому и в процессе обучения будущие переводчики должны упражняться не в переводе отдельных фраз или словосочетаний, а в решении реальных коммуникативных задач.
Значительная часть книги Ж.Делила посвящена системе упражнений для обучения переводу. Такие упражнения должны быть не лингвистическими, а чисто коммуникативными. Для этого каждому упражнению пред¬посылается указание о цели, которая достигается его выполнением (умения правильно понимать переводимый текст, подбирать необходимые соответствия, использовать все богатство языка перевода)
В целом, труды Ж.Делила уделяют достаточное внимание собственно языковым аспектам перевода. Это объясняется тем, что он имеет дело с письменным переводом и стремится найти пути к практическому использованию теоретических положений в процессе обучения будущих переводчиков.


РАЗДЕЛ 3. ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ПЕРЕВОДОВЕДЕНИЕ В США

1. Первые работы по лингвистической теории перевода
Общее направление лингвистических исследований в США к середине 20 столетия не благоприятствовало развитию этой науки. Господствовавшие в этот период в американском языкознании концепции раннего структурализма мало способствовали интересу лингвистов к переводу.
Следует также отметить, что переводческая деятельность в США имела относительно скромные масштабы и сами переводчики не испытывали потребности в теоретическом осмыслении своего труда. Прагматическая ценность теории перевода представлялась весьма сомнительной, что обесценивало попытки ее создания в глазах практичных американцев.
И тем не менее, именно в Соединенных Штатах раньше многих других западных стран появились первые работы, пытавшиеся подойти к переводу с лингвистических позиций. С этим направлением исследований связаны статьи о переводе, появившиеся в начале 50-х годов в журнале «International Journal of American Linguistics». Наибольшего внимания среди них заслуживает статья Ч.Ф.Веглина «Многоступенчатый перевод» (1954 г.), статья Дж.Касагранде «Цели перевода». Автор различает 4 вида пере¬вода: 1.Прагматический перевод, цель которого заключается как можно точнее передать сообщение. 2.Эстетическо-поэтический перевод, цель которого — воспроизвести литературную или эстетическую форму. 3.Этнографический перевод, его цель - объяснить культурный контекст оригинала. 4.Лингвистический перевод, цель - указать значения морфем оригинала.
Следует также отметить, что Дж.Касагранде сформулировал понятие «абсолютной эквивалентности» как обеспечение идентичной реакции читателей перевода. Проблема точности переводов подобного рода была позднее подробно рассмотрена У.Куайном в статье «Значение и перевод» в сборник «Оn Translation». У.Куайн исходит из того, что смысл — это то, что сохраняется при перевоеде предложения на другой язык.
Сборник «Оn Translation» сыграл важную роль в истории формирования лингвистической теории перевода, хотя в большей части его работ перевод как вид литературного творчества. Этим он, в первую очередь, обязан небольшой статье Р.Якобсона

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4. Interpreting the writings of j. Divided Discourse analysis as a method of transfer "(Ottawa, 1980)Assumptions are Shared by j. fully in line with the interpretativnoj theory of translation. Developing the concept of d. Seleskovich, j. Divided into three main phases of the process of translation: understanding perevyrazhenie (reasoning) and verifying analysis. The second phase occurs perevyrazhenie translate the extracted language meaning. When reasoning by analogy, the translator tries to establish the similarity of concepts.At the third stage — confirming analysis — selected translation options are evaluated in terms of their suitability to the meaning, logic etc. Wrong options should, be more correct.Thus, in the process of interpretation, the interpreter implements a dual interpretation: when retrieving the original meaning and in assessing the options for translation during the confirmatory analysis. While the translation process can be schematically represented as follows (see Figure 2 on page 219).A distinctive feature of the concept of j. Shared-attempt to link the theoretical characteristic of language situation of bilingualism and the education of future translators. He tries to identify the difference between a professional translator and bilingual bilingvizmom for which knowledge of two languages is not a condition of his profession.The translator never translates isolated phrases and always has to deal with real texts, intended for a particular audience. Therefore, and in the process of training future professionals must not practise in the translation of certain phrases or word combinations and solve real communicative tasks.A large part of the book is devoted to distributing the railway system of exercises for learning translation. Such exercises should not be linguistic, but purely communicative. To that end, each exercise before ¬ indication is sent to the target, which is achieved by its implementation (ability to correctly understand the translated text, select the required conformity, use all the richness of the language of translation) In General, the writings of j. Shared pay sufficient attention to the actual linguistic aspects of translation. This is due to the fact that he is dealing with translation and seeks to find ways to make practical use of the theoretical positions in the process of training interpreters. SECTION 3. LINGUISTIC TRANSLATION STUDIES IN THE UNITED STATES1. The first work on the linguistic theory of translationThe general direction of linguistic research in the United States by the middle of the 20 century, is not conducive to the development of this science. Prevalent during this period in American Linguistics concepts of early structuralism little contributed to the interest of linguists to translate.It should also be noted that in the United States of translation had a relatively modest scope and translators are not themselves experienced the need for theoretical reflection of his work. The pragmatic value of translation theory seemed doubtful that any attempts at its creation in the eyes of practical Americans.And yet, it is in the United States before many other Western countries first work attempting to approach the translation from the linguistic perspective. With this direction of research related articles about translation, which appeared in the early 50 's in the journal "International Journal of American Linguistics. The most attention among them deserves article C.f. "Veglina Multistage translation" (1954), article by j. Casagrande translation goals. " The author distinguishes 4 types of re ¬ water: 1. Pragmatic translation, whose purpose is to convey the message as accurately as possible. 2. Aesthetic-poetic translation, whose purpose is to reproduce a literary or aesthetic form. 3. Ethnographic translation, its purpose is to explain the cultural context of the original. 4. Linguistic translation, purpose-provide values for the morphemes of the original. It should also be noted that j. Casagrande formulated the notion of "absolute equivalence" as providing an identical response from readers of a translation. The problem with the accuracy of the translations of this kind was later reviewed in detail by w. Kuajnom in the article "the meaning and translation" in compilation "On Translation". W. van Orman Quine believes that meaning is preserved when perevoede proposals into another language. Collection "On Translation" played an important role in the history of linguistic theory of translation, although in most of his works are translated as a kind of literary creation. He primarily owes a small article r. Jacobson

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4. Translation works Zh.Delila
"discourse analysis as a method of translation" (Ottawa, 1980)
Assumptions Zh.Delila are fully in line with the interpretative theory of translation.
Developing the concept D.Seleskovich, Zh.Delil highlights in the transfer of three main phases: understanding , perevyrazhenie (reasoning) and confirmatory test.
The second step is perevyrazhenie language translation recovered sense. When reasoning by analogy translator tries to establish similar concepts.
The third step - confirming the analysis - selected translation options are evaluated in terms of their suitability for the sense, logic, etc. Incorrect options must be replaced at a right.
Thus, in the translator performs translation dual interpretation: the extraction of meaning of the original embodiment and evaluating translation during confirmatory analyzes. This translation process can be schematically represented as follows (see Figure 2 on page 219..).
A distinctive feature of the concept Zh.Delila - an attempt to link the theoretical positions with the characteristic of bilingualism and translation tasks with training future translators. He is trying to identify the difference between bilingualism and bilingual professional interpreter, for which knowledge of two languages is not a condition of his professional activity.
Translator never translates isolated phrases, but always has to do with the actual text intended for a specific audience. Therefore, in the course of training future translators should not practice in the translation of certain phrases or phrases, and solve real communication problems.
Much of the book is devoted to exercises Zh.Delila system for learning transfer. Such exercises should be no linguistic and purely communicative. To this end each exercise pred¬posylaetsya indication of the purpose, which is achieved by its performance (the ability to properly understand the text to be translated, select the appropriate compliance, to use all the richness of language translation)
In general, the works Zh.Delila pay sufficient attention to the actual linguistic aspects of translation. This is due to the fact that he is dealing with translation, and tries to find the way to the practical use of theoretical propositions in the process of training future translators.


SECTION 3. LANGUAGES Translation US

1. The first work on the linguistic theory of translation
general direction of linguistic research in the United States by the middle of the 20th century did not favor the development of this science. Dominated in this period in American linguistics the concept of early structuralism contributed little interest linguists to translate.
It should also be noted that translation activities in the United States had a relatively modest scale, and the translators themselves did not feel the need for a theoretical understanding of the work. The pragmatic value of the theory of translation is very doubtful that attempts to create a devalued in the eyes of practical Americans.
Nevertheless, it is in the United States earlier than many other Western countries were the first works that tried to approach the translation from linguistic positions. With this line of research linked articles on translation, which appeared in the early 50-ies in the journal «International Journal of American Linguistics». The greatest attention among them deserves an article Ch.F.Veglina "Multistage Translation" (1954), Article Dzh.Kasagrande "translation Objectives". The author distinguishes between 4 types pere¬voda: 1.Pragmatichesky translation, the purpose of which is as accurate as possible to convey the message. 2.Estetichesko-poetic translation, whose purpose - to reproduce a literary or aesthetic form. 3.Etnografichesky translation, its purpose - to explain the cultural context of the original. 4.Lingvistichesky translation, the goal -. Specify the value of the original morpheme
should also be noted that Dzh.Kasagrande formulated the concept of "absolute equivalence" as a provision identical to the translation reaction of readers. The problem is exactly this kind of translation was discussed in detail later in the article U.Kuaynom "Meaning and translation" in the collection "an On Translation». U.Kuayn comes from the fact that the meaning of -. That is what saved when perevoede in other languages
Collection "an On Translation» played an important role in the history of the formation of linguistic theory of translation, although most of his works as a kind of translation of literary works. That he, first of all, a small article shall R.Yakobsona

Results (English) 3:

4. translation works ж.делилаthe analysis of the discourse as a method of translation "(ottawa, 1980)the source of the ж.делила are fully in line with the интерпретативной theories of translation.building on the concept of д.селескович, ж.делил produces in the process of translation in three stages: understanding перевыражение (reasoning) and confirming the analysis.the second step is the перевыражение language translation of that point. in рассуждении similar interpreter tries to establish the similarity of concepts.in the third phase, confirming the analysis of the translation options are evaluated in terms of their admissibility under, logic and so on. those options should be replaced by a more appropriate.thus, in the process of translation, the translator has a dual interpretation: when extracting the meaning of the original and in the evaluation of translation in the course of confirming the analysis. in the process of translation can be graphically represented as follows (see para. scheme 2. 219).characteristic of the concept of ж.делила - an attempt to tie the doctrine with the characteristic of билингвизма and the training of future translators. he is trying to identify the difference between professional interpreters and bilingual билингвизмом for possession of two languages is a prerequisite for his professional activities.the interpreter never translate isolated phrases, and always has to deal with real texts intended for a specific audience. however, in the learning process for future translators must exercise in the translation of words or phrases, and in addressing the real communicative tasks.a large part of the book is devoted to the ж.делила exercises for learning transfer. such exercises should not be language and clear communication. for each exercise пред¬посылается indication on the goal that achieves its performance (ability to interpret the imported text, select the necessary conformity, use all the wealth of language translation)in general, the works ж.делила paid sufficient attention in linguistic aspects of translation. this is due to the fact that he is dealing with translation and tries to find the way to the practical use of the theory of the learning process for future translators.section 3. linguistic translation studies in the u.s.1. the first work on the linguistic theory of translationthe overall direction of linguistic studies in the united states by the middle of the 20th century led to the development of this science is not. prevalent during this period in american языкознании concept early структурализма little to interest of many linguists.it should also be noted that the translation activities